LO3- Simple and Complex Rythm

LO3-Simple and Complex Rythyms.

Rythym Notation.

 

Time signatures

The time signature tells you how many beats there are in each bar, and how long each beat is.
A time signature is made up of 2 numbers, one written above the other.


Duple.

Duple

Duple=2 beats per bar

So, 2/4, 2/8, 2/2 are all Simple Duple.

S

 

Quadruple.

Quadruple

o, 4/4 is “simple quadruple”, and so are 4/2 and 4/8 (rare), because the upper number is 4.

Triplet.

Triplet

Triple=3 beats per bar. 3/2, 3/8 and 3/4 are all “simple triple” time signatures.

 

 

Complex.

 

 

Complex

“Complex” time signatures are not qualified with “duple”, "triple” or “quadruple”, they are just called “complex”. For example, 7/8 and 5/4 are “complex” time signatures.Complex time signatures are a combination of duple, triple and/or quadruple times.
For example, 5/4 has five crotchets per bar. These crotchets can be grouped as 2+3, or 3+2. 7/8 has seven quavers per bar. These can be grouped as 3+4, 4+3 or even 2+3+2. The composer will use phrasing marks, (and beams on quavers or smaller notes), to indicate the groupings he/she wants.



Rythym.

Regualar


Regular rythm uses time signatures such as 4/4 . This is straight time, simple time.

Dotted

Dotted rythym is where you have a for instance a crochet but with a dott next to it so that it adds on half of the length of the croet effectivley playing 3 quavers instead of two but playing them full length. If the time signature is 6/8 then if you split the bar in to two beats then you have two dotted crochets.

Syncopated
Syncopation is where you play off the beat so on the half beats. for instance if it was in 4/4 and you were playing on the half beats ( 1 1/2 , 2 1/2, 3 1/2 , 4 1/2) then you would be playing a syncopated off the beat rythym.














Triplets

Triplets are when you have more notes than needed fitted in to a shorter time. so a Triplet is £ beats in the space of two. There are common sayings to help people understand how to play them such as Pin-App-le.

Subdivisions

Subdiving means dividing a note into other notes. for example , Semibreve, 2 Minnims, 4 crotchets.












 

LO1- to know about pitch and intervals


LO1 to know about pitches and intervals

Intervals

Intervals are the distance between two notes, which can be called various different names for how many semitones they are apart (half steps). 

-Major
You can determine whether an interval is major or not by the amount of semitones between the two notes (Semitones are half steps for instance going from a c to a c# is a semitone):
-2 s/t = major 2nd
-4 s/t = major 3rd
-5 s/t = perfect 4th
-7 s/t = perfect 5th
-9 s/t = major 6th
-11 s/t = major 7th
-12 s/t = (perfect) octave

Major Intervals

-Minor

MINOR INTERVALS

1 semitone LESS THAN a major makes it a minor. So the following intervals have 3 semitones (and three letter names), and are therefore are MINOR 3rds.

G-Bb

Minor Intervals

-Perfect

Perfect Intervals
When a perfect interval is raised by a half step, it becomes augmented.
When a perfect interval is lowered by a half step, it becomes diminished.

A 4th interval (ie 4 letter names) is Perfect if it has 5 semitones, as you can see in the list above. A 5th interval (ie 5 letter names) is Perfect if it has 7 semitones. 

-Augmented
1 semitone more than a major makes it Augmented.

So Gb-B, having 5 semitones (and three letter names), is an Augmented 3rd.

-Diminished

As explained above, 1 semitone less than a major makes it a minor. A further semitone less makes it Diminished. 

So G#-Bb, having 2 semitones (and three letter names), is a Diminished 3rd.

Diminished Sevenths
Diminished sevenths are the tonic chord with a minor 3rd on top.

-Simple
Simple intervals are intervals less than an octave. (for instance a major 2nd or a perfect 4th).

-Compound

Compound Intervals
Compound Intervals are intervals which are greater than an octave.

Compound and Simple intervals are however related:

Major 9th / Major 2nd	Major 10th / Major 3rd
Perfect 11th / Perfect 4th	Perfect 12th / Perfect 5th

Each compound interval is related to a simple interval. By subtracting 7 from the compound interval you get the related simple interval. For example 9 - 7 = 2, so a 9th is related to a 2nd.


Pitches
-Degrees of the scale
There are different degrees of the scale which are referred to as:

1. Tonic
2. Supertonic
3. Mediant
4. Subdominant
5. Dominant
6. Submediant
7. Leading Tone

Degrees of the scale.

-Tones
Tones are made up of two semitones, so two half steps ( a whole tone).
A whole tone scale:

The whole tone scale has no leading note and because all tones are the same distance apart, no single tone stands out, the scale creates a blurred, indistinct effect. This effect is especially emphasised by the fact that triads built on such scale tones are augmented. Indeed, one can play all six tones of a whole tone scale simply with two augmented triads whose roots are a major second apart. whole tone scales do not give a strong impression of the tonic or tonality.

-Semitones
Semitones are half steps, going up or down chromatically one step. Two half steps make a tone. for instance a chromatic scales is a scale which goes up in just semitones.
Chromatic scale:

The right hand shows chromaticism upwards and the left hand shows chromaticism downwards.

Advance Note Reading.

Enharmonic note equivalents.

Scales

L04- know about harmony and tonality

L02- know about chords and chord progressions

Types of chords



Major

 



A major Chord is made up of three notes ( triad) the chord is made up of the Root, a major third above that and a perfect fifth above that. A major triad can also be described as a major third interval with a minor interval on top or as a root note, a note 4 semitones higher than the root, and a note 7 semitones higher than the root.

Diminished
 

~Diminished chords are chords which have got smaller by a semitone ( opposite of augmented) . In this example it has gone from an f minor chord to a F diminished chord because of the c Flat, making hte chord smaller by a semitone.

Augmented.

 

An augmented chord is a chord where it has got bigger by a semitone ( where as dimisnhed is where the interval gets smaller b a semitone). In this example it is augment because the semitone has been added to the chord ( the E flat).


Minor 7th

A sevenh chord is a chord consisting of a triad plus a note forming an interval of a seventh above the chords root. In this example it is a minor 7th. 

Minor

A minor chord is made up of three notes (triad) where the third is flattened. For example , C,E,G would be the major version but if you flatten the third it becomes minor C,Eb,G.

Dominant Chords.

Dominant chords are chords where the tonic note is the 5th of the scale you are in ( chord 5). so in this example Aminor the Dominant of the chord would be E major.

Chord progressions (standard progressions)
-Diatonic

Diatonic.

Diatonic means musical elements derived from scales and whole tone scales. for example C,Am,F,G7 because they all center around the chord of C.

Chromatic.

 

-Chromatic
C, C#, D, D#,E
Chrommatic means accesding or deccending by a semitone at a time. this is an example of a chomatic chord progression.